Toluene | 108-88-3
Xogta Jirka ee Alaabta:
| Magaca Alaabta | Toluene |
| Guryaha | dareere hufan oo aan midab lahayn oo leh ur udgoon oo la mid ah benzene |
| Meesha dhalaalaysa°C) | -94.9 |
| Barta karkarinta°C) | 110.6 |
| Cufnaanta qaraabada (Biyaha=1) | 0.87 |
| Cufnaanta uumiga qaraabada (hawo=1) | 3.14 |
| Cadaadiska uumiga oo buuxa (kPa) | 3.8(25°C) |
| Kulaylka gubashada (kJ/mol) | -3910.3 |
| Heerkulka daran (°C) | 318.6 |
| Cadaadis halis ah (MPa) | 4.11 |
| Octanol/qaybinta qaybinta biyaha | 2.73 |
| Barta toosh (°C) | 4 |
| Heerkulka dabka (°C) | 480 |
| Xadka qaraxa sare (%) | 7.1 |
| Xadka qaraxa hoose (%) | 1.1 |
| Solubility | Ibiyo ku milmi kara, oo lagu khalkhal galin karo benzene, alkohol, ether iyo dareerayaasha kale ee ugu badan ee organic. |
Guryaha Alaabta:
1.Oxidised to benzoic acid by wakiilada oxidising xoog leh sida potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate iyo nitric acid. Benzoic acid waxaa sidoo kale lagu helaa oksaydheynta hawada ama ogsijiinta iyadoo ay jirto joogitaanka kicinta. Benzaldehyde waxaa lagu helaa oxidation leh oksijiinta manganese ee joogitaanka sulfuric acid ee 40 ° C ama ka yar. Dareen-celinta dhimista ee nikkel ama platinum waxay soo saartaa methylcyclohexane. Toluene waxay la falgashaa halogens si ay u sameyso o- iyo para-halogenated toluene iyadoo la isticmaalayo aluminium trichloride ama ferric chloride si kiciyaal ah. Kulaylka iyo iftiinka hoostiisa, waxay la falgashaa halogens si ay u samayso benzyl halide. Falcelinta nitric acid waxay soo saartaa o- iyo para-nitrotoluene. Haddii nitrit lagu daro asiidh isku dhafan (sulphuric acid + nitric acid) 2,4-dinitrotoluene ayaa la heli karaa; Nitration-ka sii socda wuxuu soo saaraa 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Sulfonation of toluene leh sulfuric acid ama qiiqa sulfuric acid waxay soo saartaa o- iyo para-methylbenzenesulphonic acid. Marka la eego ficilka catalytic ee aluminium trichloride ama boron trifluoride, toluene waxa uu maraa alkylation leh hydrocarbons halogenated, olefins, iyo alkohols si loo siiyo isku dar ah alkyl toluene. Toluene waxay la falgashaa formaldehyde iyo hydrochloric acid ee falcelinta chloromethylation si ay u soo saarto o- ama para-methylbenzyl chloride.
2. Xasilooni: Xasilooni
3.Waxyaabaha mamnuuca ah:SHalogens, oksijiin, acids
4. Khatarta polymerisation:Aan ahayn polymerisation
Codsiga Alaabta:
1.Waxaa si weyn loo isticmaalaa sida dareere organic iyo alaabta ceeriin ee daawada synthetic, rinjiga, resin, dheeha, walxaha qarxa iyo sunta cayayaanka.
2.Toluene waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida alaabta ceeriin si loo soo saaro benzene iyo waxyaabo kale oo badan oo kiimiko ah. Sida rinjiyada, varnishes, lacquers, xabagta iyo warshadaha wax soo saarka khad iyo khafiifinta loo isticmaalo samaynta biyaha, dareeraha resin; dareerayaasha kiimikada iyo wax soo saarka. Sidoo kale waa alaabta ceeriin ee isku dhafka kiimikada. Waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa sidii qayb isku-dar ah oo shidaal ah si loo kordhiyo octane, iyo sida dareeraha rinjiga, khadadka iyo nitrocellulose. Intaa waxaa dheer, toluene waxay leedahay milmayn heer sare ah ee maadada organic, waa dareere dabiici ah oo leh isticmaalka ballaaran. Toluene waa ay fududahay in chlorinate, dhalin benzene & mdash; chloromethane ama benzene trichloromethane, waxay yihiin dareerayaal wanaagsan oo ku saabsan warshadaha; Waxa kale oo ay fududahay in nitrate-ka, abuurto p-nitrotoluene ama o-nitrotoluene, waxay yihiin alaabta ceeriin ee dheeha; Waxa kale oo ay fududahay in sulfonate, abuurista o-toluenesulphonic acid ama p-toluenesulphonic acid, waa alaabta ceeriin si ay u sameeyaan dheeha ama saccharin soo saarka. Uumiga Toluene wuxuu ku daraa hawo si uu u sameeyo walxo qarxa, si uu u sameeyo walxaha qarxa ee TST.
3.Wakiilka Leaching ee ka kooban dhirta. Loo isticmaalo tiro badan sida dareere ahaan iyo sida lagu daro batroolka-octane-sare.
4. Loo isticmaalo sida reagent gorfaynta, sida dareerayaasha, soo saarista iyo wakiilada kala saarida, reagents chromatographic. Waxa kale oo loo isticmaalaa sida wakiilka nadiifinta, oo loo isticmaalo dheeha, dhir udgoon, benzoic acid iyo wax kale oo organic.
5.Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in ka kooban batrool doped iyo sida alaabta ceeriin ugu weyn ee wax soo saarka ee derivatives toluene, waxyaabaha qarxa, dhex dheeha, daroogada iyo wixii la mid ah.
Qoraalada Kaydinta Alaabta:
1. Ku kaydi bakhaar qabow oo hawo leh.
2. Ka fogow dabka iyo isha kulaylka.
3. Heerkulka kaydinta waa in aanu dhaafin 37°C.
4.Ka ilaali weelka oo xiran.
5.Waa in si gooni ah loo kaydiyaa maaddooyinka oksida, oo waa in aan waligiis la isku qasin.
6.Isticmaal nalalka aan qarxin iyo tas-hiilaadka hawo-siinta.
7. Mamnuuci isticmaalka qalabka farsamada iyo qalabka si fudud loo dhalin karo.
8.Aagga kaydinta waa in lagu qalabeeyaa qalab daawaynta degdega ah ee daadsan iyo agab hoy oo ku habboon.
